The last phrase in the passage that we've been calling the Noachian Covenant is, "These three were the sons of Noah; and from these the whole earth was populated." (Genesis 9:19). According to Genesis 10, Noach's three sons and their wives turned into a multitude of nations. —— The most obvious thing that's implied by this transition from one nation to many nations is that all the human obligations of the global covenant apply as much to the many as they do to the one. In our examination of these three Biblical Covenants that contribute to the formation of this global covenant, we discovered, reasoning from Scripture, a number of principles that also apply as much to the many as to the one. For the sake of exploring the implications of this transition from one to many, we'll posit many of these principles as maxims, showing how these maxims apply to the many. These maxims are not human laws. They are rather guidelines to help us to understand how to apply such laws. They are inductions, or conclusions, that derive from the chronological exegesis.

[1] All of the human obligations of the global covenant apply equally to every individual and every nation.

As proven in the investigation, the terms of this global covenant apply to every human being in the law-enforcement epoch. This being the case, all human beings are obligated, under the global covenant,

(1) to behave in a manner consistent with the fact that they are created in the image of God, with the capacity for eternal life (Genesis 1:26-27; 5:3; 9:6);

(2) to behave in a manner consistent with the fact that they are created from the "dust from the ground" (Genesis 2:7; 3:19);

(3) to "rule over" the earth wisely, as good stewards (Genesis 1:26,28; 9:2);

(4) to reproduce abundantly, and towards that end, to participate in marriages and ecclesiastical societies (Genesis 1:28; 9:1,7);

(5) to eat from a menu for omnivores, avoiding consumption of blood (Genesis 1:29; 9:3,4);

(6) to avoid bloodshed, that is, perpetration of any delict (Genesis 9:6);

(7) to execute justice against any human perpetrator of a delict (Genesis 4:10-15; 9:5-6); and

(8) to execute justice against any animal that perpetrates a delict (Genesis 9:5).

Out of all these terms that apply globally to every human being, only one entails a penalty to be executed by humans against other humans: the obligation to avoid perpetration of a delict. The obligation to execute justice against a human perpetrator of bloodshed, and the obligation to execute justice against an animal perpetrator of bloodshed, are not accompanied by penalties. This means that if people refuse to execute justice against a perpetrator of bloodshed, there may be a penalty from God against those who refuse, but there is none mandated expressly by God, against those who refuse. Even so, reason demands that the default penalty that humans should execute against people who refuse to support the pursuit of justice against bloodshed, is to force them to support that pursuit. Regardless of whether the people who refuse to support the pursuit of justice are individuals or societies, people who adhere to the global covenant are obligated to force such people to cooperate in such pursuit. That's because all human beings are obligated to execute justice against perpetrators of delicts.

[2] God's courts administer justice in all three fields of perception, but the administration of justice in human societies inevitably revolves around physical evidence.

As a result of the fall, human perception is flawed. All human perception is flawed to some degree. Humanity may have all three fields (Spiritual, psychic, and physical) in common, but the physical field is the only field that is common to the awareness of all sane, adult humans. God doesn't have these perceptual flaws, so His courts render justice with inerrancy, based upon evidence from all possible sources. But because our perception is so fallible, our courts are compelled to rely only upon evidence that is reliable, which always derives from the physical senses.

A delict is always a physical act, which is always accompanied by physical evidence.[note] So it's obvious that any adjudication of a delict will revolve around physical evidence. But in an ecclesiastical compact, because the obligations are contractual, the evidence can be as arbitrary and subjective as the parties agree to make it. But because contracts are usually serious, the parties usually agree implicitly to keep the evidence physical.

[3] There are two overriding kinds of positive law: positive law that derives from a jural compact (from the Genesis 9:6 bloodshed mandate, being ex delicto), and positive law that derives from an ecclesiastical compact (being ex contractu).

Positive law / human law is merely law imposed by people upon other people. There are two kinds of positive law: the kind that derives from a jural compact and the kind that derives from an ecclesiastical compact. —— Before the deluge, jural societies did not exist. So all human law that existed before the deluge derived from contracts,[note] and therefore subtended an ecclesiastical compact. After the deluge, human laws derive from both jural and ecclesiastical compacts.

A jural society is a society dedicated to executing justice against any delict. An ecclesiastical compact is the complex system of agreements that bind a society together, and an ecclesiastical society is the resulting society. Even though these two societies coexist under the same social compact, they are by definition mutually exclusive. This is because their jurisdictions are different. Their in personam, subject matter, and geographical jurisdictions are all different. An ecclesiastical compact is based on the consent of the parties. A jural compact is not based primarily on consent, but is based instead upon the willingness and ability of people to enforce the jural positive law and execute its penalties.[note]

Even traditional Anglo-American jurisprudence made a clear distinction between actions ex delicto (typically actions at law) and actions ex contractu (typically suits in equity). It was understood that these two fields of law have different personal and subject matter jurisdictions, and therefore maintaining and comprehending their distinctions was crucial to the administration of justice. Most people groups have very little cognizance of these distinctions. God has providentially blessed Americans with this knowledge. We are obligated to live by it. —— Because enforcement against a delict implements as positive law the global mandate against bloodshed, such positive laws generally trump positive laws that derive from contracts. This is because covenant-keeping people are obligated to keep contracts subservient and obedient to the covenant. This is because this global covenant is God-ordained, while contracts are merely human-ordained.

[4] The impetus behind all jural positive laws is the fact that all people are created in the image of God, and are therefore equal in rights, and equal before the law.

Positive law / human law that violates the spirit or letter of the global mandate against delicts is inherently illegitimate. The core characteristic of all positive law that's consistent with this global mandate is that it observes that all people are created in the image of God, and are therefore equal in rights before such positive law. Positive law that derives from contracts is geared to protect conventional privileges and disabilities that derive from such contracts. Even so, because jural positive law trumps ecclesiastical positive law, contractual positive law must avoid violating the fact that all people are created in the image of God, and are therefore equal in rights.[note]

[5] The impetus behind all ecclesiastical positive law is consent of the parties.

God created human beings as social creatures. Each of us therefore joins societies for myriad reasons: for the sake of refining one's relationship with God; for the sake of having other people cover one's perceptual frailties; for the sake of helping one-another procure life's other necessities; for the sake of loving one-another, communicating with one another, and comforting one-another; for the sake of sexual intercourse; for the sake of child-rearing; for the sake of helping one-another procure food; and for many other reasons. These myriad human desires, needs, pursuits (agreements, gifts, contracts) are the root impetus behind the formation of ecclesiastical societies and ecclesiastical compacts. These myriad human social pursuits have nothing to do with delicts of any kind. The underlying impetus for all these pursuits is common to every society. They are built by God into the human constitution. Even so, the manner in which these legitimate, organic desires are pursued can vary wildly, based upon a huge variety of views of reality. Since ecclesiastical compacts are by definition aggregations of agreements and contracts, and since such agreements and contracts by definition require consent of the parties, the ecclesiastical society itself requires the consent of the parties. While these basic human drives are impetus for their fulfillment, consent is the impetus for their fulfillment through an ecclesiastical society.

[6] Regarding in personam jurisdiction:

>> Of jural compact: Every jural compact has personal jurisdiction over every human being within physical reach of the jural society.

This is true without regard to which social compact a suspect may be party.[note]

>> Of ecclesiastical compact: Every ecclesiastical compact has personal jurisdiction only over parties to the ecclesiastical compact.

This is by definition of ecclesiastical compact.[note]

[7] Regarding subject matter jurisdiction:

>> Of jural compact: Every jural compact has subject matter jurisdiction over bloodshed, that is, over gross and subtle delicts.

Since jural compacts derive, by definition, from the Genesis 9:6 mandate, and since that mandate pertains to bloodshed, and since we have discerned that bloodshed is equivalent to a delict, jural compacts clearly have subject matter jurisdiction exclusively over delicts. Since the penalty for a gross delict is justifiably retribution, and since retribution is the penalty specified in Genesis 9:6, we are certain that the jural compact has subject matter jurisdiction over gross delicts. But since the penalty for a subtle delict is justifiably restitution or injunction, rather than retribution, we cannot claim with absolute Biblical certainty that jural compacts have subject matter jurisdiction over subtle delicts. But we are certain that the Genesis 9:6 mandate is metaphorical, and that it therefore points to a more abstract, complex, and precise set of concepts than mere shed blood, and retribution against it. Reason demands the inclusion of the subtle delict as a form of bloodshed, because exclusion of it violates the impetus behind the mandate.

>> Of ecclesiastical compact: Every ecclesiastical compact has subject matter jurisdiction only over contracts that subtend the ecclesiastical compact.

Every contract, in order to be enforceable, must specify, either explicitly or implicitly, how the terms of the contract are to be enforced. In the united States, it's generally assumed –– and therefore implicit –– that courts that have subject matter jurisdiction over suits in equity, and geographical jurisdiction over a given contract, will have such subject matter jurisdiction over that contract. If we think of all the equity courts in the united States as being bound together into an ecclesiastical compact,[note] then it's obvious how such an ecclesiastical compact has subject matter jurisdiction only over contracts that subtend that compact. But in a primitive society, whether a given contract falls within the scope and purview of a given ecclesiastical compact depends on the nature of that contract. Generally, people who want to have their contract disputes resolved will submit their dispute to a third party who is usually a leader or elder in the society where the contract originated. So even in a primitive society, this maxim still holds.

[8] Regarding geographical jurisdiction:

>> Of jural compact: Every jural compact has geographical jurisdiction over whatever physical territory it is physically able to reach.

Because the impetus of the jural compact extends to every human being, it extends to every human being regardless of where such human being may be located. It extends to wherever the jural society is willing and able to enforce its authority.

>> Of ecclesiastical compact: Every ecclesiastical compact has geographical jurisdiction only over physical territory that is specified explicitly or implicitly in the ecclesiastical compact.

Because an ecclesiastical compact is by definition an umbrella contract or agreement that aggregates contracts and agreements in a society, the compact can only have geographical jurisdiction over physical territory that is included in one or more of these contracts or agreements, and it is limited by each contract.

[9] Regarding reason for existence:

>> Of jural society: Every jural society exists strictly to enforce against bloodshed, that is, against any gross or subtle delict.

This is by definition. The definition comes from a reasoned view of the first eleven chapters of Genesis.

>> Of ecclesiastical society: Every ecclesiastical society exists strictly to gratify the myriad needs and desires that are inherent in the human constitution, through consent of the parties.

This includes every human being's innate need to be in covenant with God and other people, as well as every other need, desire, demand, etc., that can be gratified, supported, or encouraged by other people. This is by definition of ecclesiastical society.

[10] The ecclesiastical society has no innate commitment to observing that all people are made in the image of God, and have unalienable rights:

Even though ecclesiastical positive law must avoid violating people's rights –– in order to be Biblically legitimate –– such avoidance is not inherently built into every ecclesiastical society. ecclesiastical societies derive their power and existence from the consent of their parties. If the parties do not consent to avoiding violation of rights, either explicitly or implicitly, then the ecclesiastical society continues to exist until an act of God, or of a jural society, forces observance of such rights, or forces the ecclesiastical society's extinction.

[11] The ecclesiastical society's "consent of the governed" can easily decay into fiat rule by tyrants:

In an ecclesiastical society whose positive law is not observant of the fact that all people are created in the image of God and therefore have unalienable Rights, the ecclesiastical society easily devolves into a "dictatorship of the proletariat",[note] a glorified form of mob rule, an oppressive majority, an oppressive minority, or fiat rule by tyrants. This is because wherever the image of God is not respected, consent is likewise not respected.[note]

[12] A human law that cannot be enforced is not a real positive law.

Since positive law is law imposed by humans upon humans, and since the mandate against perpetration of a delict is the global covenant's only global obligation that has a penalty to be executed by humans; this obligation to avoid perpetration of a delict is the only obligation that comes close to being positive law. This is because, for any obligation to be real positive law, such positive law must be enforceable. There are two obvious prerequisites to any obligation being humanly enforceable: (1)There must be a penalty to be executed by humans. (2)There must be someone willing and able to enforce it.

Not one of these eight obligations of the global covenant meets both of these two prerequisites. Seven have neither human penalties nor obvious enforcers. The mandate against perpetration of a delict has the penalty, but no obvious enforcers. Therefore, none of them has the jurisprudential status of positive law; although each has the potential for it. Each may be real eternal law, natural law, or divine law,[note] but if they don't enforce societal norms, then they are not positive law. So out of these eight human obligations in the global covenant, only the avoidance of the perpetration of a delict is even remotely like positive law. All terms of the global Covenants are globally applicable, but all are not globally enforceable.

> corollary: A real positive law demands a penalty.

To see how penalties are essential prerequisites to the existence of real positive law, consider this scenario involving a driver and a traffic cop: Police are law enforcement officers, meaning that they put laws into effect. But what would happen if police tried to enforce laws that had no penalties? For example, if the speed limit was thirty miles-per-hour, but you chose to drive fifty through that speed zone, a policeman might try to pull you over to give you a ticket. If there were no penalty for exceeding the speed limit, then you could wad up his citation and throw it in the trash with impunity. If there were no penalty for refusing to heed a traffic cop's instructions, then when he tried to pull you over, you could thumb your nose at him as you kept on speeding, all with impunity. A law without a penalty is a law that cannot be effectively enforced. A law that cannot be enforced is in fact no law at all.

To see how this fact pertains to jural positive law, consider the following scenario: Mr. X murders Fred. Mr. X is not a party to our social compact. Even so, our jural society will pursue Mr. X to execute retribution against him. This is because the bloodshed mandate, like all the terms of the global Covenants, applies to all people; but unlike the global covenant's other human obligations, the mandate to avoid perpetration of a gross delict has a penalty, namely, retribution against the perpetrator. So if Mr. X is within reach of our jural society, it will execute retribution against him. But if the global covenant did not provide this global penalty, then there would be no distinction between the jural compact and the ecclesiastical compact. Mr. X would be as free as Kayin to repeat his offense, unless the ecclesiastical society arbitrarily decided to stop him. Without a penalty, a jural positive law cannot exist.

To see how the fact that lack of penalty entails lack of enforceability entails lack of positive law, to see how this fact applies to ecclesiastical positive law, consider the following scenario: Mr. X drinks animal blood. Mr. X is party to our social compact. Our ecclesiastical compact forbids the drinking of animal blood. But no penalty is specified. Since no penalty is specified, we have no leverage with which to compel Mr. X to abide by our standards. So we either give up our standards, or put a penalty in place. But since an ecclesiastical society operates by consent, if Mr. X refuses to consent to the adoption of a penalty, the ecclesiastical society still has no leverage with which to compel compliance. Unless a mechanism like majority rule is a prerequisite to participation in the ecclesiastical society, from the beginning, no mechanism exists by which to compel Mr. X into compliance, unless we resort to perpetrating a delict against him.[note]

> corollary: A real positive law demands that there be people willing and able to enforce it.

Even if a law has a penalty, if there's no one willing and able to enforce it and execute the penalty, it has no real existence. Consider this scenario: If you like to speed through a 30 m.p.h. speed zone at 50, and you know there's a penalty for speeding, but the policeman assigned to patrol this speed zone is a one-legged, blind midget with a skateboard, then the enforcement officer doesn't have the capacity to enforce. As long as there's no one there to enforce the speed limit, who also is willing and able to enforce it, you won't get a ticket. —— So if there's no one willing and able to enforce an obligation, practically, the obligation doesn't exist as positive law, regardless of whether the obligation is jural or ecclesiastical.

» sub-corollary: Real ecclesiastical positive law is based on the consent of the parties to an agreement or contract. It applies only to those parties. As a prerequisite to being positive law, it demands that there be someone willing, able, and designated by contract to enforce it.

Mr. X drinks blood. Mr. X is not a member of our ecclesiastical society. Since his drinking blood does not result in a dead, damaged, or injured party, his blood drinking is outside the jurisdiction of our jural society. Since he is not a member of our ecclesiastical society, he is not subject to its standards (unless he does these things in a geographical location governed by the ecclesiastical society, in which case they can expel him). The ecclesiastical terms of the global covenant[note] may apply to all people. But they are not enforceable against all people, because no positive law penalty is specified in Scripture for it. There is therefore no one able to enforce it against people who do not consent to abide by it.

» sub-corollary: Real jural positive law demands that there be someone willing and able to enforce it. It is not based on consent of the parties. It applies to anyone who violates it.

Because the mandate against any delict is accompanied by a penalty, it may appear that the many jural compacts inherently mandated to exist in each new nation created by the disintegration of the Babel project, would have teeth, compared to the obligations that incur no penalty.[note] But this is not necessarily true. The jural obligations could be as toothless and un-enforceable as all the other obligations of the global covenant. This is because the existence of a penalty is not enough to make a law enforceable. There is one other essential ingredient. In order for a law to be enforceable, there must also be people who are willing and able to enforce it. —— Likewise, if there's no one willing and able to enforce the mandate against a delict, it won't be enforced.

Mr. X murders Fred. Mr. X is not a member of our ecclesiastical society. Even so, our jural society will pursue Mr. X to execute retribution against him. This is because the bloodshed mandate, like all the terms of the global Covenants, applies to all people.[note] So if Mr. X is within reach of our jural society, it will execute retribution against him.

If a society decides collectively, by the consent of all having capacity, to abide by the global covenant's jural obligations, then the enforcement against perpetrators of a delict is not so problematical. For most intents and purposes, both the penalty requirement and the people-willing-and-able requirement are met. But if all do not consent, no one is delivered from the obligation. All are still obligated to abide by the jural obligations.

According to the bloodshed mandate, all people are obligated to execute retribution against perpetrators of a gross delict. But what if people refuse to do that, and refuse to help in the execution of justice against delicts in any way? —— According to the global covenant, there is no penalty against people who exercise such a refusal. But because refusal to recognize the obligation to execute justice against delicts is essentially an insistence on returning to the anarchy era, and because such an insistence is hostile to God's clear intentions in implementing the bloodshed mandate, we believe such a penalty is rationally required. The fact that taxation is generally obligatory is proof that our Anglo-American jurisprudence concurs, albeit with some confusion.

This is the difference between instantiated law and un-instantiated law. If it's not enforced, then it's not instantiated.

[13] Lawful taking exists to enforce positive laws.

Not all people are qualified to enforce positive laws. Therefore, for those who are not qualified –– who are incapacitated or constrained in some way –– other mechanisms for participation in the enforcement of positive laws exist.

> corollary: Lawful jural taking exists to enforce jural positive laws.

All people may not be qualified to enforce positive laws, but all people are obligated by the bloodshed mandate to enforce jural positive laws. Some societies might contractually devise a mechanism via which parties not qualified or capable could contribute by giving things of value to people who are qualified and capable. Since the bloodshed mandate is mandatory for all people, it stands to reason that all parties to a social compact would be required by such social compact to contribute valuables to the jural society for the enforcement of jural positive laws. Likewise, it's reasonable that the social compact would contain penalties against parties who refused to contribute. This way, all parties to the social compact are able to fulfill their obligation. We call such mandatory contributions to the jural society, jural takings. Jural takings include jural taxation and giving testimony as a witness to a delict (which can either be voluntary, or forced cooperation via subpoena).

> corollary: Ecclesiastical takings exist to enforce ecclesiastical positive laws.

Since ecclesiastical positive law only pertains to parties to the ecclesiastical compact, the positive laws that derive therefrom are contractual, and exist by consent alone. It therefore does NOT make sense that all parties to the social compact should be obligated to pay for the enforcement of positive laws that might not apply to them. Instead, it makes sense that all parties to all contracts would devise their own private enforcement mechanism, including equity courts paid for by litigants, if deemed by the parties to be appropriate. Such ecclesiastical takings are thereby nothing more than fees paid by litigants for court costs. By confining ecclesiastical takings to those who use ecclesiastical courts, the society avoids violation of the consensual nature of the ecclesiastical compact.

Taking (especially taxation) is historically the point of most common abuse. It is the point at which the failure to distinguish jural and ecclesiastical jurisdictions most often manifests. For example, it's common in the united States for people whose primary responsibility is the enforcement of jural positive law to spend tax payer money on non-jural boondoggles. This is just one of thousands of ways in which this distinction between these two kinds of compacts is overlooked. It is one of scores of ways that people use the social compact to perpetrate delicts with impunity. When this abuse of power exists, people need to recall the vigilante impetus behind the jural mandate. Under such circumstances, the corrective positive laws are those that individual people are willing and able to enforce, perhaps to the vexation of tax collectors.

[14] When a law, a covenant, or a contract has the prerequisites of positive law, it is instantiated.

Laws and covenants enforced by God are directly instantiated the instant He puts them into effect. They are instantiated as eternal law, and perhaps also natural law and/or divine law. But positive law demands human enforcers, by definition. When the prerequisites for positive law exist, i.e., when the prerequisites for enforcement exist, i.e., when there is a penalty, and when there are people willing and able to enforce, such positive law is instantiated.

When the Babel society was split into many nations, wherever any of the human obligations of the global covenant were implemented as positive law, there were local instantiations of a global mandate.

[15] A social compact is an integration of jural compact and ecclesiastical compact into a single nation, tribe, or ethnic group, thereby instantiating a government.

God's termination of the Babel project was accompanied by the creation of a multitude of societies and nations. Clearly many of these societies had no writing. We conclude that the definition of any given social compact does not necessarily require writing. We can even conclude that they don't necessarily even require articulation, since the components of the social compact can be passed as unarticulated customs from one generation to the next.

Social compacts have existed for practically as long as human beings have existed; even though, according to Biblical fact, they existed without a jural appendage prior to the law-enforcement epoch. Even after the mandate to include the jural appendage, most social compacts reflect little or no distinction between the compact's jural and ecclesiastical functions. This doesn't mean that the distinction doesn't exist. It means that there is confusion in the social compact's creation, maintenance, and implementation. Since a social compact is essentially the same thing as a government, it becomes clear that most governments inadequately distinguish jural and ecclesiastical functions. In fact, the twentieth century will probably go down in history as the century in which the spirit of megalomania took over governments in general. One government after another was assigned the task of gratifying all the myriad needs and desires of their respective populations, without any regard for the consent that is crucial to the ecclesiastical compact, and without any regard for avoiding governmental perpetration of bloodshed.

God's response to the Babel society's attempt at self-aggrandizement was to break that society's social compact into myriad social compacts with a vast constellation of various mixtures of jural and ecclesiastical functions –– that is, into myriad social compacts with confusion about their purpose and functions.

Penalties accompanying ordinary agreements in ordinary ecclesiastical societies only apply to people who agree to be party to such agreements. But this set of penalties –– retribution, restitution, or injunction against bloodshed –– applies to all people, regardless of whether they like it or not; regardless of whether or not they've agreed to abide by it; regardless of whether or not they acknowledge being party to the Noachian Covenant; regardless of the ecclesiastical society to which they may or may not belong; and regardless of what agreements they may have made, or may have refused to make. Agreements, gifts, and contracts are what define ecclesiastical compacts. Execution of justice against bloodshed is what defines a jural compact. They are two radically different types of compact. They have totally different starting places, and premises. If these facts are not acknowledged, the confusion will continue.

People are generally unable to distinguish jural and ecclesiastical functions. The inability to properly distinguish jural and ecclesiastical functions is merely a manifestation of the flawed perception that the human race inherited from the fall. But this is no excuse. It's merely a recognition of our predicament. Regardless, a single question should be asked incessantly about every government/social compact: Does the social compact enforce the Genesis 9:6 mandate without becoming a violator of it?

It's certainly not reasonable to expect any social compact to be perfect, any more than it's reasonable to expect any individual human being to be perfect. But if we don't aim at a high standard, we'll never reach one.

[16] A society's government is a reflection of the collective integrity of that society.

The way an individual functions within his or her self is a microcosm of the way a society functions.[note] Each part of the person fulfills its assigned function when the person is in good health. Likewise, each member of a society fulfills his or her contractual, compactual, and covenantal obligations when the society is functioning with integrity. When the society as a whole is operating with integrity, the government will do likewise. When it's not operating with integrity, the government will reflect that lack of integrity.

[17] Humanity is divided by families, languages, lands, and nations.

About each of Noach's three sons, Genesis 10 says that their descendants were divided by families, languages, lands, and nations (Genesis 10:5, 20, 31). These four modes of division appear in the human obligations of the global covenant like this:

(1) "Families" develop from marriages. Marriages are essentially contractual agreements in which people of the opposite sex each pledge to cover the other's disabilities with their abilities.

(2) "Nations" (nations) are essentially aggregates of agreements, contracts, and other relationships. They are essentially the same as what we've been calling a social compact. The way we've defined it, based on evidence from Scripture, a social compact is composed of a jural compact and an ecclesiastical compact.

(3) "Lands" indicate that each social compact has a defined geographical jurisdiction. This geographical jurisdiction is a manifestation of the "rule over" mandate.

(4) Distinctions between "languages" exist largely by virtue of the fact that every language encompasses a unique set of biases. For example, in English, a person can say "I love my hot dog." and "I love God.", which is prone to confusing the meaning of "love". If the same sentences were translated into ancient Greek, "love" would be translated into two distinctly different words, tending to convey two distinctly different concepts. There would not be the same tendency to confuse the meaning of the word, "love", that there is in English. In English, love is a passion whose target can range from the carnal to the sublime. In Greek, these are two totally distinct concepts. So in Greek, the love of the sublime is not so prone to being confused with the love of the carnal. English has a clear bias away from differentiating the subtleties of love. Greek has a relative bias towards such differentiation. —— When Scripture says that Noach's descendants were divided according to "languages", it's telling us, in essence, that each "nation", each society, each social compact, had its own unique set of biases. The way that each nation implemented the global covenant was subject to that particular nation's biases. In keeping with such biases, each nation would in effect have its own unique set of abilities and disabilities, that is, it's own gifts and callings.

[18] Every nation has a unique set of abilities and disabilities, i.e., gifts, callings, biases.

When God gave different nations different languages, He simultaneously gave them different biases. He placed these societies in various parts of the earth, and in different environments, where each environment placed its own unique demands on the nation newly living in that land. These biases that derived from both linguistic differences and environmental pressures caused a unique knowledge base to develop within each nation, tribe, society, and ethnic group. Each of these knowledge bases had its own unique explanation for, comprehension of, and expression of, the social compact, and the jural and ecclesiastical functions therein.

God's creation of many languages, nations, and families, distributed into many lands, was an imposition of social disintegration. He caused this one nation, language, and family –– all located in a single geographical location (the "plain in the land of Shinar", Genesis 11:2) –– to disintegrate into many nations, languages, and families, all dispersed into many lands. In effect, He said, "OK, folks! I've already given each of you, as individuals, your own unique set of biases, that is, your own unique set of disabilities. Now I'm going to cause the nations and families that you live in to have their own unique set of biases and disabilities. Furthermore, I'm going to make it difficult for each nation to communicate with the others. I'm creating these communication barriers because I want each nation to develop its own unique approach to life, in isolation from the other nations. I'm doing this because I don't want future attempts at social integration to be as sloppy as this Tower of Babel routine has been. Count on it. All future attempts at social reintegration will encounter major obstacles, because I'm going to put those obstacles there. I am creating, and will continue to create, major obstacles to social integration –– to the integration of all of your nations into a single nation –– because when you become a single nation again, you must have Me, not some silly bunch of idols, at the core of your purposes.". So God created many unique knowledge bases and social compacts, and in effect, set forces in motion to ensure that the creation of a single knowledge base, and a single social compact, would be forced to acknowledge Him as God.

In keeping with God's demand that all individual knowledge bases, all national and societal knowledge bases, and every social compact, be sanctified, that is, delivered from idolatry, He in effect demands that our definition of what's true conform to the all-encompassing, inescapable fact of our perceptual disintegration.[note] In other words, in the Garden of Eden, we perceived all three fields of perception –– Spiritual, psychic, and physical –– as a single field of perception, seamlessly integrating these three fields. After the fall, our perception is inherently fragmented. Therefore, in our present condition, we are able to discover physical facts, even psychic truths, but if we fail to put such truths under the overarching umbrella of the Spirit, then such facts and truths are soaked in idolatry. It's easy for a person or a society to be proud of what it knows, to glory in its personal, national, or cultural distinctives. Such distinctives are the essential manifestation of biases. The other side of the bias coin is disabilities. Biases cover disabilities with pride. But if such biases and disabilities are submitted to God, and the knowledge appended thereto is assimilated into a Godly system of knowledge, then these biases and disabilities become God's gifts and callings to that person or society.[note]

[19] God intends for humanity's comprehension of His laws, the terms of His global covenant, to go through a progressive revelation.

We can think of revelation from God as knowledge about how to submit physical facts and psychic truths to the Spirit, so that such facts and truths are assimilated into a Godly system of knowledge. Given humanity's perceptual and social disintegration,[note] and the impediments that God has placed on perceptual and social integration, it should surprise no one that humanity's comprehension of the social compact, the jural compact, and the ecclesiastical compact, would undergo a gradual and progressive transformation. In other words, our understanding of these compacts has undergone –– and will continue to be impacted by –– what we'll call progressive revelation. This progression started with God effectually ordaining anarchy (Genesis 4:3-15 –– especially verse 15 –– and Genesis 4:23-24). Then God apparently scratched the anarchy plan, and replaced it with an apparent mandate to practice vigilantism (Genesis 9:6). —— So the basics of the progressive revelation that pertains to these compacts is recorded in Scripture, and are accessible to us through divine law. But many of the details are not. Our understanding of His laws in general, and of the global covenant, especially, undergo progressive revelation.

[20] Ecclesiastical societies are created in extravagant variety, while jural societies have singularity of purpose.

Because of the inherent nature and definition of the ecclesiastical compact, the creation by God of many nations resulted in ecclesiastical societies that exist in extravagant variety. Even so, because of the inherent nature and definition of the jural compact, jural societies world wide are mandated to have the same singularity of purpose.

[21] The human obligations of the global covenant form two classes upon which all nations are obligated to base themselves.

Using the jargon of the object-oriented computer programming paradigm, the human obligations of the global covenant inherently form two classes upon which every nation is obligated to base itself. The mandate to avoid perpetration of a delict, with its accompanying penalty, forms a base class upon which God requires every jural society to base itself. This derivative class, which is equivalent to the jural compact, is instantiated as soon as the obligation becomes enforceable.[note] Likewise, the five non-jural human obligations in the global covenant form a base class upon which God requires every ecclesiastical society to base itself. This derivative class, which is equivalent to the ecclesiastical compact, is instantiated as soon as these five obligations become enforceable.

[22] Jural compacts need due process mechanisms in order to avoid deterioration into perpetration of delicts.

The mandate to execute justice in Genesis 9:6 obviously specifies no particular method by which we should execute justice. If there are no systems set up, that is, if there are no judges, no police, no due process, etc., then the means by which we execute justice against anyone who perpetrates a delict is totally open to our investigation and ingenuity. The most obvious result of such a lack of definition of means, is a default into vigilantism. So if we are lacking in any other means by which to carry out the bloodshed mandate, then we all default into being vigilantes. A vigilante is someone who works in concert with other like-minded people to maintain order in an imperfectly organized community.

Anyone familiar with American history knows the dangers of vigilance committees. Without systems by which all sides of an issue can be aired, and through which impartial judgment can be rendered, with regard to an infraction against a community's mores, innocent people often suffer retribution for crimes they did not commit. This was often the case in the American West before "law and order" was established. It was also often the case in the South after the Civil War. Vigilantism easily degrades into revenge, or worse, rather than the execution of justice. So the bloodshed mandate tells us to do something, execute justice, but it doesn't tell us about all the ramifications involved in attempting to do so.

When people unite for the sake of forming a jural society, they may be stepping beyond the expedient nature of vigilantism into an organized approach to obeying the bloodshed mandate. Their formation of a jural society may be ad hoc, like the formation of a posse commitatus. Or it may entail the formation of a more permanent institution. Regardless of whether the jural society is ad hoc or institutional, the criterion for judging whether a jural society is operating within sound guidelines or not is whether it executes the bloodshed mandate without becoming a violator of it. In many respects, the mega-state's institutionalized perpetration of delicts is much more pernicious than a vigilance committee's. Even so, vigilantism is so error-prone, and disputes and trespasses are so common in human society, that some kind of more formal compact is essential to the reliable administration of justice. It's reasonable and probable, based on the Scriptural evidence, that within a few generations after the deluge, vigilantism started to develop into a more organized approach to administering justice, and organizing society, at least in some of these new nations.

When any government, i.e., any social compact, is formed, it has an inherent propensity to set its highest priority to be the survival of the state. It thereby becomes a servant of itself, rather than a servant of the people. Under such circumstances, the first thing that people do when they get in power is to attempt to perpetuate their power. This perpetuation of power becomes their priority. In a truly judicious government, the first priority remains the service of the people. In order to enforce the bloodshed mandate without becoming a violator thereof, the enforcer must necessarily assume the posture of a servant, that is, someone who is performing a service. In contrast to this spirit of service, warlords are the kinds of kings that Yeshua was talking about when He said "The kings of the Gentiles lord it over them" (Luke 22:25). In other words, the "kings of the Gentiles" institutionalize governmental perpetration of delicts for their own self-aggrandizement.

[23] The obligations that pertain to delicts mark the difference between anarchy and order.

This mandate to execute justice against bloodshed is what officially marks the end of the anarchy era and the beginning of the law-enforcement epoch. This is the defining attribute of the entire law-enforcement epoch.

[24] God prefers people to conform to eternal law through conscience, rather than through fear of retribution.

God prefers people to conform to eternal law via conformity to personal conscience, rather than through fear of retribution. That's because doing it through conscience implicitly entails that they are conforming in their mind and soul (in the psychic field of perception), but if they conform through fear of retribution, chances are good that they are not conforming in their mind and soul, and are therefore not really conforming to eternal law. The fact that this is true indicates that force and coercion should be minimized. Force should exist sufficiently enough to fulfill enforcement obligations. Beyond that, it should be non-existent.

[25] The purposes of a jural society can be expressed succinctly as the protection of property rights through deterrence.

[26] Every person's status is determined by disabilities.

The legal definition of status is essentially "one's legal relationship to the rest of society". The theological definition of status that we use in the investigation is "one's legal relationship with God and His covenant and people". Regardless of whether we're talking about status or status, one's legal relationship is most easily ascertainable by looking at one's disabilities, rather than at one's abilities. This is because of the nature of human existence.

In the investigation, we determined that rights derive from the fact that every human being is created in the image of God. Such rights are unalienable, except for people guilty of bloodshed –– in which case even rights are disabled, commensurate with the bloodshed. Such rights are intimately related to one's status. In the investigation, we also determined that people are not God, and people therefore do not have all the abilities that God has. Relative to God, people are disabled. Some disabilities are natural, and they cannot be overcome. For example, all people are disabled from being omniscient and omnipotent. It's not reasonable for anyone to expect to ever receive these abilities, because only God has them. Some disabilities are conventional. They might be overcome by changing conventions. They might not. —— The reason it's easier to determine a person's status or status through disabilities than through abilities is because it's easier to see someone's disabilities relative to a perfect standard, i.e., in comparison with Meshiach, than it is to account for all of a person's abilities. There's no way we can know all of a person's abilities. We cannot even know all the abilities of a grain of sand. We don't know everything that goes on within a grain of sand to make a grain of sand behave the way it does. We can talk about crystals, molecules, atoms, and sub-atomic particles. But we'll never know everything about these things. But we know with substantial certainty that grains of sand are disabled from laying eggs, flying, and speaking English. It's easier for us to know a grain of sand by what it cannot do, than by what it can do. The same is true for human beings.

[27] Other than the Edenic Covenant, the Biblical Covenants which prove to be blood Covenants are controls for all other Biblical passages in the chronological approach.

It's imperative to recognize that of these three global Covenants (Edenic, Adamic, and Noachian), two are blood Covenants. This fact –– combined with later Scriptural evidence that emphasizes the importance of blood[note] –– leads us to conclude that in the chronological approach to Scripture, distinguishing blood Covenants from other Covenants and contracts is essential. So we not only distinguish Covenants from contracts, but we also have a distinction of b'rit / diatheke / Covenant into blood Covenant and non-blood Covenant. Having this knowledge helps to distinguish passages that are controls for the rest of Scripture from passages that do not have the same controlling legal authority. If we do a sneak preview of the rest of Scripture, we see that there are only three more blood Covenants in the Bible; even though the word b'rit appears over 280 times in the Tanakh. Because the passages that describe these blood Covenants are so absolutely central to everything that happens in Scripture, we conclude that these blood Covenants have a controlling status over all other passages. Diatheke / b'rit / Covenant passages that are not blood Covenant passages have a subordinate controlling status, i.e., a status with less legal authority than blood Covenant passages, but more legal authority than non-Covenant passages. The Edenic Covenant is the sole exception to this rule. This is because the Edenic Covenant has the legal status of a constitution, while these blood Covenants have the legal status of sets of amendments to the constitution.

[28] Regarding the spheres:

>> jural sphere: The decisions made in the jural sphere are restricted to being about perpetrating and penalizing bloodshed, i.e., perpetration and penalization of gross and subtle delicts.

>> ecclesiastical sphere: The decisions made in the ecclesiastical sphere are restricted to being about contractual relationships.

>> moral sphere: The moral sphere encompasses all decision-making, jural, ecclesiastical, and otherwise.

[29] These are the investigation's final definitions of "covenant".

(1) The eternal covenant is the unchangeable, divinely imposed legal agreement between God and all of His creation, especially including mankind, where this agreement stipulates the conditions of their relationships.

(2) A Biblical Covenant is a covenant between God, people, and sometimes other parts of creation, as recorded in Scripture.[note]

(3) A divine covenant is the single covenant that exists between God and a given group of people, at any given point in the Biblical chronology. It is that part of Scripture that pertains to that group.

(4) A covenant in American jurisprudence is an agreement pertaining to realty.

(5) A contract between people that holds God as a party is sometimes called a "covenant". Examples: (i)a "marriage covenant"; (ii)the covenant between David and Jonathan in 1Samuel 18-23 (which is also a Biblical Covenant). Because we rarely use this meaning in the investigation, we don't mark this type of covenant with special typography.

(6) A covenant in ordinary American English can have a number of different meanings, the primary one of which is the same as contract.

[30] In accordance with a reasoned view of Genesis 9:6, there are two kinds of bloodshed / delicts: gross and subtle.

The clear and obvious punishment for shed blood referenced in Genesis 9:6 is retribution. Because the obvious bloodshed and the obvious penalty for obvious bloodshed are so obvious, we call bloodshed that demands retribution (or something close to it) a gross delict. We call all other forms of bloodshed subtle delicts. Punishment for subtle delicts includes restitution and injunction. We define delict as being synonymous with bloodshed.

[31] Even though involuntary servitude became common after the disintegration of the Babel society, it has never been lawful except as punishment for bloodshed, ever since the instigation of the Noachian Covenant.

Even though it may not be clearly and obviously stated in Scripture, after the disintegration of humanity into a multiplicity of nations, there were at least two rationales for enslaving people.

(1) "We don't know whether foreigners are real human beings or not, so we don't know whether we should treat them like animals or like people."

(2) "Foreigners are inherently inimical, and are standing threats of bloodshed against us. We are therefore justified in forcing them into involuntary servitude, just as though they were guilty, a priori, of bloodshed."

A period of involuntary servitude is a lawful punishment for people genuinely guilty of bloodshed. But it's ridiculous to believe, without concrete evidence, that all (or any) foreigners are a priori guilty of bloodshed. Likewise, it's foolishness to believe that human beings are animals, regardless of how much a given culture may practice animism, and insist on acting like animals. —— It's taken the human race from the disintegration of the Babel society until recent centuries to start seriously debunking these two assumptions. According to the global covenant, only penalization of bloodshed justifies imposition of involuntary servitude. To this day, the issue that defines the limitations of civil government is this: To what extent is government lawful in its taxes, takings, incarcerations, capital punishments, forced labor, involuntary servitude –– in short, in violating property rights of ordinary people. The answer to this question eluded the Genesis 11-12 generations. As long as out-of-control mega-government is the norm, the answer is elusive to us in the 21^st century.